[ 3 / biz / cgl / ck / diy / fa / ic / jp / lit / sci / vr / vt ] [ index / top / reports ] [ become a patron ] [ status ]
2023-11: Warosu is now out of extended maintenance.

/ic/ - Artwork/Critique

Page 2


View post   
View page  Prev  Next     

File: 790 KB, 2008x1550, d8ojnev-880e24cd-4860-4185-af81-5db97d31ada2.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7161461 No.7161461 [Reply] [Original]

Uh oh! 5 months into 2024, years is almost over and you are already old as fuck but you did make it in time right? WELL POST YOUR FUCKING PROGRESS.

Only NGMI bitches post here without posting their progress

18 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7162271
File: 1.20 MB, 2480x2304, 23f.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7162271

>>7161461

found this ol ass picture when i was permabeg, 2019.

>> No.7162272
File: 2.56 MB, 3866x2742, draw again meme.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7162272

>>7162271
and now as proud beg

>> No.7162305
File: 2.55 MB, 1866x8449, 2021-2022-2023-2024.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7162305

i need to start making money

>> No.7162310

>>7162305
Start trying color at the verry least.
You could also try different ways of rendering besides the hatching.
You're pretty good at that so try something new.
It'll help your hatching aswell.
Still a cool selfportrait there in 2024, kino.

>> No.7162314

>>7162305
There's something very awkward about some of your composed scenes. Stiff, maybe? I'd do more life figure studies.



File: 554 KB, 600x579, ryan benjamin.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7161350 No.7161350 [Reply] [Original]

*Solves drawing*

15 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7161918

>>7161376
Could be that he is not the writer but just the illustrator as is common in western comics.

>> No.7161955

>>7161356
By not being black

>> No.7161991

He has a good course.

>> No.7162262

>>7161991
his nma course? He also offers critiqued sessions on comicbookpro but its not really clear how many actual critiques you get (i think just one for 15 minutes or so)

>> No.7162276

>>7161437
5:46
>He's a pretty big guy.



File: 517 KB, 1830x2000, GJFsrnVWIAApjaW.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7161340 No.7161340 [Reply] [Last 50] [Original]

There's plenty of porn artists who primary draw straight art yet all their real sexual experiences are either with men or MTF trannies, even though cherry picked Twitter artists aren't exactly a good representation.

155 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7162359

>>7161340
>Can you guess someone's sexual orientation just by how they generally draw?
Of coruse not. Only a dumbass wuld think that this is possible.

>> No.7162360

>>7161369
Homosexuality isn't categorized as a mental illness anymore. We normalized it long ago.
You should probably take your brain out of the 19th century.

>> No.7162394

>>7162359
Nah man, for normal art that's true but you can see some shit from miles away. Only gays and trannies draw in certain ways

>>7162360
nta but he DSM is not scientific and vulnerable to social and political pressure. You're the idiot here

>> No.7162396

>>7162394
>nta but he DSM is not scientific
Lol. Are you a science denier? DSM is the closest thing we have to what we understand to be the truth of facts.
I agree that we don't know a lot of things, but we came to a SCIENTIFIC consensus and at the moment said consensus states that homosexuality is not a mental illness.

>> No.7162411

>>7162231
No, they get bad touched early in life to become gay. Yes really



File: 1.04 MB, 706x1458, IMG_4497.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7161202 No.7161202 [Reply] [Original]

https://r8.whiteboardfox.com/84822008-4514-9724



File: 148 KB, 1280x720, maxresdefault.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7161201 No.7161201 [Reply] [Original]

I find it easier to draw for long hours, when I see someone else also drawing instead of wasting their time.

Do you guys know of any streamers that show themselves drawing? I'm NOT looking for streams like pic related, where it's just a screencap - I want to see the person behind the canvas as well. Something like Bob Ross, but longer and with more focus on drawing/digital than traditional painting. It would be a dream come true to have a live cam of an mangaka, but I doubt that's gonna happen

17 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7161861

>>7161491
"x artist", as in, insert artist here.
>Is English your second language?
Is it yours?

>> No.7161908

Maybe these would work? It's just their hands in view but you might get something out of it:
https://www.youtube.com/@MINJYE/videos
https://www.youtube.com/@NOMA-/videos
https://www.youtube.com/@animesijyuku/videos

>> No.7161921

>>7161201
Just look up people drawing trad then?

>> No.7162375

>>7161908
They do work, thank you! :D Especially the first one, since those streams are a bit longer.

>>7161829
>doesn't know about mirror neurons
>calls others retards

>> No.7162387

>>7162375
>mirror neurons

literally anything but opening and anatomy book at studying huh. This place is hilarious.



File: 20 KB, 736x552, IMG_3929.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7161122 No.7161122 [Reply] [Original]

an art for all..
optical orifice
https://youtu.be/zMKbNqzViYo



File: 649 KB, 1080x967, qzbyjc00fajb1.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7161092 No.7161092 [Reply] [Original]

Where can I find something like Bridgman, but for scenarios?

1 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7161109

>>7161104
it's a twitter zoomer

>> No.7161121

>>7161092
36 dramatic situations??

>> No.7161695

>>7161092
copying storyboards? or just pages in comics?

>> No.7161702

>>7161092
>scenarios
Writing belongs on /lit/, newfag

>> No.7161712

>>7161092
framed ink? just read comics/watch movies and make notes?



File: 515 KB, 1080x1101, Picrel.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7161045 No.7161045 [Reply] [Original]

>inb4 just draw
I do draw but I don't have much time to draw but I have time to observe, work is strict when it came to my hobby.

6 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7161261

>>7161045
Of course. The less you draw the better you get.

>> No.7161619

>>7161045
You can do a billion cubes in your mind then you won't be able to draw a straight line because you don't have the muscle memory.

ART IS A SPORT, not a theoretical science. You read the rules once, you put them in practice ten hours a day every day for the rest of your life and maybe someday you'll be worth a shit.

>> No.7161636

>>7161045
you can find answers by looking around or by sheer luck, to questions you find when working at the easel.

you need both

>> No.7161873

>>7161047
>>7161056
>>7161057
>>7161058
>>7161060
>>7161061
>>7161619
>>7161636
Thank you guys for the advice!

>> No.7161957

>>7161045
You cannot apply what you see without knowing how that feels when transferred through your hands.

In other words, no, you can't become a god just by looking at masters of their craft. You have to draw yourself to understand drawing itself.



File: 1.14 MB, 1914x765, 1 year.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7161011 No.7161011 [Reply] [Original]

Picrel makes me depressed, I'm clearly doing something wrong.

46 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7162078
File: 1.64 MB, 1350x986, prog.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7162078

not a fair comparison, but i only started doing finished pieces 2 months ago. left is first time drawing from imagination vs 2 weeks ago.

>> No.7162095
File: 361 KB, 1072x810, kirbo.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7162095

>>7162070
holy dunnings
i really hope you're just pretending to be mentally ill

>> No.7162101
File: 23 KB, 300x300, 156398212668.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7162101

>>7162095
>You're mentally ill for saying you believe in meee!!
A-anon, are you okay...?

>> No.7162297

>>7161971
Great improvement, keep up the good work

>> No.7162304

>>7162078
>>7162071
>>7161971
>>7161351
>>7161336
Good progress.
Keep at it kings.



File: 48 KB, 500x926, image (3) (1).png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7160944 No.7160944 [Reply] [Original]

So, that's what being 30 is like?

30 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7161716

>>7161049
Decade? More like spent my entire life with little to zero physical activity. I’m a great big fat fuck and I’m gonna die young.

>> No.7161724

>>7161612
I only regret not knowing that I wanted to draw earlier in life, since I never really tried prior. But it doesn't matter anymore. What's done is done. I will draw where I can, when I can.

>> No.7161818

>>7161549
30 year olds now are more weathered and jaded than 60 year olds of the past. The internet has advanced our brains and world experience so much that we knew more than boomers did at 17. I see 60 year olds that just watch tv and dont think all day, their entire life has been like the npc meme. My life was way worse and way more cluttered, Things that would blow their mind make me roll my eyes. Anyone in their 30s now is just waiting for the world to end or for aliens to attack, something even a little bit interesting like that. Because we're not getting anything normal like a loving family or a functioning economy or a living wage.

>> No.7162193

>>7161818
Real. But I'm still excited to see what I'll draw next and how far I can go until I can't.

>> No.7162194

>>7161818
But they legalized weed man c'mon it's not that bad



File: 466 KB, 1046x797, hamp.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7160936 No.7160936 [Reply] [Original]

Video Course General v.28

Hampton edition

>Matrix channel
https://element.anontier.nl/#/room/#ic:anontier.nl

# TORRENT
qbittorrent
https://www.qbittorrent.org/download.php
https://github.com/qbittorrent/search-plugins#readme
https://ngosang.github.io/trackerslist/

The rutracker search plugin has some nma stuff

/ic/ official torrent
>>>/t/1069595
magnet:?xt=urn:btih:0aebc0f02e6c179b62e04c69af3e5adee3abee12&dn=IC-STUDY


# WEBSITES:
https://gfx-hub.cc/tutorials/
https://godownloads.net/category/videos-tutorials/
https://www.psdly.com/free-course
https://vfxdownload.net/free-coursess/
https://avxhome.in (you will find some, plus books)
Uncharted waters, lots of content
https://courseupload.net/category/graphic-design/drawing/
https://godownloads.net/category/videos-tutorials/drawing-painting-tuts/
https://www.proko.com/course/introduction-to-figure-construction/overview
https://www.youtube.com/@STEVEHUSTONdrawsfromlife/videos


MOST WANTED COURSES:
Creative Sketching with Jens Claessens
https://underpaintacademy.com/product/creative-sketching-with-jens-claessens/
Steven Zapata's Form From Imagination
https://www.formfromimagination.com/
Michael Hampton's Introduction to Figure Construction
https://www.proko.com/course/introduction-to-figure-construction/overview
https://michaelhampton.gumroad.com/l/Figureconstruction

Last thread: >>7113565

2 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7161082
File: 647 KB, 2031x2048, 1693742407385.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7161082

I've been doing 1 hr value studies everyday just to cope with the fact that we're never getting this gem

>> No.7161116

>>7161082
maybe that's a good thing for you then
you'll learn more in the long run

>> No.7161294

gfxhub's hosting websites are so fucking shit, but they also have everything on that website.

>> No.7161484

>>7161294
Isn't that website the one where all the download links cap at 100kb? It's shit.
Anyone have the Coloso or Class101 courses? The archive links are all dead.

>> No.7162043

I can't join the courses telegram that's been posted here before because i don't have a phone.
can any kind anon upload the mullins underpaint academy course from there, pls?



File: 434 KB, 1600x1175, rudy-siswanto-prized-unicorn-color.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7160910 No.7160910 [Reply] [Original]

how long do it take to reach this level if your low int?

3 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7160927

>>7160910
about 2 years, nothing about this compositionally is crazy, the thumbnail is very simple, the horse anatomy and pose is also very basic just enough to show it's a horse nothings really defined, could just drop in a horse photo and paint over it to the same effect, the rendering and painting is the strongest part and it's not insane either

>> No.7161262

>>7160910
Depends how much time you dedicate to practicing.

>> No.7161266

just paint it?

>> No.7161363

>>7160910
About 1 to 2 days

>> No.7161609

>>7160910
Prized Unicorn.
All creatures able to block it, do so.
Damn good card to end a fight.



File: 378 KB, 787x800, 1573081513073.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7160834 No.7160834 [Reply] [Original]

If you are a /int/ermediate or /beg/inner in art, please use this thread to post pieces for critique or ask for advice. Please stop replying to crabs, nodraws and howies and instead focus on posted works!

>STICKY:
Completed: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1uwaXKU7ev6Tw_or__o8ARpUb6r2rCZYJGqwSFV9AD98
New collaborative: https://hackmd.io/UMnZVhNITW-T2wZpHw6d0Q
w/ic/i: https://sites.google.com/site/ourwici/
Hardcore: https://hackmd.io/7k0XRnIQR6SValR77TDfZw?view

>WHERE to get study materials
annas-archive.org
>>>/ic/artbook
>>>/ic/video

>Want to practice figures?
quickposes.com
sketchdaily.net
characterdesigns.com
lovelifedrawing.com
posemy.art
line-of-action.com

>PYW and give your feedback
What can be improved? are there any resources videos or books you'd recommend to them? maybe a redline or a technique, be specific
Try to reply to someone as you post your own work.

Previous thread: >>7157578

4 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7160997
File: 175 KB, 860x1120, Draw-a-Cutie-flower.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7160997

>7155906
I can't keep up with these threads anymore ;_;

>> No.7161002

>>7160834
why does it feel like i’ve seen this image years ago

>> No.7161052

I have a big problem of taking incredibly long to draw. I spend forever thinking about how to make the right move when drawing and by the time I lose patience and give up the drawing is only 60% done, and I'm just doing shoddy pencil doodles. Do I just "give up" on trying for perfection and learn through experience or is it better to try my very hardest on the first shot?

>> No.7161184

>>7161052
Doing something is better than not doing anything. You don't have to completely compromise quality, but you know how to fit some quality within the time you have or want to put into that drawing. And in the end, it's about what you would be satisfied with more.

>> No.7161880
File: 96 KB, 708x692, IMESSEDUPAAAAAAAAHHHHHHHH.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7161880

totes messed up the spacing and all that jazz but i feel like i learned something



File: 73 KB, 848x496, Screen_Shot_2020-02-18_at_1.44.36_PM.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7160825 No.7160825 [Reply] [Original]

I think I am cursed. My art is invisible and only gets a max of 10 likes on IG. I have seen other posters' art and it is shit and get at least 100 + likes. I only upload on IG but I rarely get any reaching. Just posted a drawing and have 0 likes. I think I am black listed since I used to draw conspiracy shit with blacklisted hash tags. This is the equivalent of getting no bitches!

12 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7160988

>>7160825
Nah anon, IG kinda sucks. You're honestly better off posting on X. If you want reach you should heavily consider networking with others (both online and off.) As much as it makes some anons seethe, it's an honest way to get your work out there and will open up opportunities so long as you don't make an ass out of yourself. People love art but you really gotta put yourself out there instead of sitting in a corner hoping you'll someday get "discovered."

If you post your blog I'll follow it, or if you want I can post mine first if you're worried about posting on a le 4chan. I'm really small too and just starting to get back into posting more consistently so if I see your art I'll happily retweet you.

>> No.7160996
File: 547 KB, 564x572, 491203137ebd3f02f8a5fa0ea602f81b.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7160996

>>7160825
Nah anon, IG kinda sucks. You're honestly better off posting on X. If you want reach you should heavily consider networking with others (both online and off.) As much as it makes some anons seethe, it's an honest way to get your work out there and will open up opportunities so long as you don't make an ass out of yourself. People love art but you really gotta put yourself out there instead of sitting in a corner hoping you'll someday get "discovered."

If you post your blog I'll follow it, or if you want I can post mine first if you're worried about posting on a le 4chan. I'm really small too and just starting to get back into posting more consistently so if I see your art I'll happily retweet you.

>> No.7161038

>>7160996
I don't know why I even post online desu. I just want to get better and just post it for the hell of it. Hence why I keep posting despite getting 0 likes. It's my outlet and I do admit it wiould feel better if I had people into my profile for me. Go ahead and post your blog.

>> No.7161054
File: 107 KB, 1080x1062, 20240426_230322.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7161054

>>7161038
>I just want to get better and just post it for the hell of it.
Very based! And nothing wrong with wanting some encouragement either, we're only human after all.
here u go anon
https://twitter.com/BriBriMeese

>> No.7161065

>>7160874
post your work



File: 126 KB, 1200x884, 1715205193823689.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7160822 No.7160822 [Reply] [Original]

How has your art evolved and changed overtime?
Are you currently happy with it or not?

11 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7161319
File: 383 KB, 520x418, 34685673564.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7161319

>>7160822
Yes and am very happy with it. I really wanted to be able to draw in this one certain weeb style for a long while. Over time by copying shit left and right I kinda got the hang of it and I can do it without reference with almost any character. Sfw, nsfw. Comic. Etc. Took a long fucking while but in the end feelsgoodman.

>> No.7161322

>>7161319
I'm a retard and misread question. It was not just a yes or no. But idk how to answer it anyway.

>> No.7161339

>>7160822
It changed somewhat. Very slowly tho.
I have two redraw challenges that I use to keep track of my progress but has been 2-3 years since Ive done a new entry to them

>> No.7161341

>>7160959
I liked both

>> No.7161358

my art used to suck, it still sucks but it sucks less than it did before so i am happy that i'm not stagnating
i could have improved faster but studying is boring while finding a cool image and copying it by hallucinating construction lines is more fun



File: 19 KB, 387x254, Over 200k artists.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7160805 No.7160805 [Reply] [Original]

Commissions are a waste of time, build your audience or cater to niche audiences instead.

2 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7160906

>>7160805
Isn't reddit the absolute worst site for comissions and promoting your work?

>> No.7160925

>>7160805
tfw when I never promoted my commissions and my queue is always full

>> No.7160950

>>7160925
Same, if I actually worked 8h a day I'd be making 60K from home doing what I like, plus 40k from artist alley and 10K in passive income.

>> No.7161077

>>7160925
>>7160950
SFW or coom?

>> No.7161084

>>7160805
>r/HungryArtists
>222k Members
Have some shame wtf i would rather starve than promote my work in there, zero respect for yourself and your work. Must be filled with pre begs too.



File: 2.10 MB, 1324x1101, 1705479893758743.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7160801 No.7160801 [Reply] [Last 50] [Original]

If you are a /int/ermediate or /beg/inner in art, please use this thread to post pieces for critique or ask for advice.


>STICKY:
Completed: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1uwaXKU7ev6Tw_or__o8ARpUb6r2rCZYJGqwSFV9AD98
New collaborative: https://hackmd.io/UMnZVhNITW-T2wZpHw6d0Q
w/ic/i: https://sites.google.com/site/ourwici/
Hardcore: https://hackmd.io/7k0XRnIQR6SValR77TDfZw?view

>WHERE to get study materials
annas-archive.org
>>>/ic/artbook
>>>/ic/video

>Want to practice figures?
quickposes.com
sketchdaily.net
characterdesigns.com
lovelifedrawing.com
posemy.art
line-of-action.com

>>Don't know what to draw?
>>7092050

>PYW and give your feedback
What can be improved? are there any resources videos or books you'd recommend to them? maybe a redline or a technique, be specific
Try to reply to someone as you post your own work.

Previous thread: >>7157578

232 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7162450

>>7162433
I mean I was gonna be posting the result when done even though it won't look good, but I guess if I shouldn't be posting according to you anyway then never mind I suppose

>> No.7162456

>>7162450
forget him, post it anyway

>> No.7162461
File: 1.26 MB, 854x1262, mafia pig.png [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7162461

>> No.7162480

>>7162110
>the books have letters and images in them. if you read the letters, they will tell you what to do
Considering I'm one of the few people around here that actually defends you, I don't appreciate this tone. Also the words in those books aren't exactly helpful.

>> No.7162484

>>7162480
>defending pawell
kill yourself



File: 84 KB, 686x386, hq720.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7160714 No.7160714 [Reply] [Original]

It's because you intend to do it professionally and have attached your sense of self-worth to it.

>> No.7160715

>>7160714
No, it's actually because I was repeatedly raped as a child and drawing is just a compulsive escape from trauma that I can never fully face without going insane.
I hate drawing but it's better than the alternative. You wouldn't understand because you never had your butthole reamed. It's just that simple.

>> No.7160717

>>7160715
Take up an instrument

>> No.7160721

>>7160715
im sorry for you

>> No.7160778

>>7160714
> the-most-disgusting-image-on-the-internet.jpg

>> No.7160795

>>7160715
>You wouldn't understand because you never had your butthole reamed.
Bold of you to assume that OP isn't a faggot.
>>7160714
>how to love drawing
The drawing process is tedious, boring, etc and only mega autists enjoy this shit.
>INB4
>"I love drawing" faggots reply to me
It's easy to say that when you draw for 1 hour every other day instead of 10+ hours every fucking day for decades. Just like anything else in life you'll burnout and hate drawing.



File: 202 KB, 1024x1024, 1703964102650117.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7160686 No.7160686 [Reply] [Original]

Anybody else feel inspired by AI. Much like ChatGPT serves as a more direct replacement for google search, AI generation serves as a replacement for google images.Now, instead of having to search through tens or hundreds of images to find an ideal reference, AI can instantaneously generate a pose from a description of tags, or the average of the pose your trying to reference. Say you want to render something, with img2img you can plug in a bare-bones sketch and instantaneously get a near finished product to reference. If you want an idea of anything, such as how to render a drawing, poses, or even the group consensus of the way a character or a your OC is supposed to look, you can use AI.

How can anyone look at this and not be thankful. Just as digital art democratized drawing for those unable to try out digital. AI is democratizing art for those who can't dedicate thousands of hours watch tutorials on digital art, and instead serves as a shortcut for proficiency.

22 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7161525

>>7160929
how about everyone here mass reporting instead of engaging with the bait?

>> No.7161945

>>7161525
This. Anons are such stupid niggers

>> No.7161952

>>7161945
>bumping the thread
retard or falseflagging pajeet?

>> No.7162250

>>7160724
It's not about drawing, it's about art.

>> No.7162328

>>7160686
reported and herb'd kys
also fucking jannies banned me last time I posted gore in an AI thread but they let the threads themselves stay fucking cheesedicks should have their pay cut in half



File: 889 KB, 1280x1707, 20240509_025234.jpg [View same] [iqdb] [saucenao] [google]
7160610 No.7160610 [Reply] [Original]

Simple but great shapes, insanely prolific output, thousands of daily drawing with a wide variety of themes, how does this nigga do it /ic/ and how can we do it too ?
https://x.com/Andaerz

18 replies omitted. Click Reply to view.
>> No.7160837

>>7160826
we like anime here sir, perhaps you will be better suited to r/thedonald

>> No.7160842

>>7160769
ask me how i know you're beg

>> No.7160845

>>7160769
>wanting to become like an artist with great shape language and graphic mastery is like wanting to copy him literally
unironically yes, you are a one of the hundreds of begcels looking for a shortcut to success and you will forever be an amateur hobbyist because of it despite your buzzwords

>> No.7160864

>>7160782
arigathanks
>>7160842
how, dear anon (I am)
>>7160845
you're seething about shortcuts and failure a lot despite nobody mentioning them in the thread, you clearly have some personal experience with them :/

>> No.7160895

>>7160837
my child, this is the art board and I have posted the highest form of art. recognize this, or forever remain dyed-tier